India is a developing nation that still relies on an agrarian economy. Dairy farming and agriculture continue to stay at the epicenter of the nation’s growth and the progress sector. Indians have a connection with India’s rich history and culture where cows and cattle are given importance as they support many households through milk, milk products and contribute to farming as well in the form of farming aid. The dairy industry is one of the leading industries that contribute to the Indian economy. Despite the pandemic, the dairy industry was on the boom and continued to increase our nation’s GDP with around 4.2% of total GDP. The sector continues to grow annually at 4.9% which is a good indicator of economic growth. According to the latest research conducted the total value of the dairy sector of India reached a value of 11,357 billion in the year 2020. There is a symbiotic environment where the milk animals provide farmers with milk and the farmers provide them with facilities and care. Taking care of the farmers is an important step for avoiding abortion. Abortion is both a physically and mentally difficult process for the cattle and the farmer. Let us understand the abortion, cause-effect and the outcomes, measures for the same.
Abortion
– It refers to the termination of pregnancy after the organogenesis is complete
but before the expelled fetus can survive. It is the loss of the embryo during
the pregnancy which is not a favorable event and it does have a wide variety of
reasons which culminate into the unfortunate event.
Reasons
– It can be divided into two broad categories
1.
Infectious
Causes – It refers to the different bacterial and viral pathogens which infect
the body triggering the disease process. There is a wide range of bacterial and
viral agents which propagate and affect the reproductive tract leading to
reproductive tract-related diseases and conditions such as reproductive
failure, localized infections, and abortion in pregnant cattle.
v
Blue
Tongue Virus – caused by Orbivirus having 24 serotypes this virus is
transmitted via biting midges such as cullicoides spp. Abortion, mummification
of the foetus, the birth of a live foetus with severe CNS malformations, and
stillbirth are common features of this.
v
BVD
Virus (Bovine viral Diarrhoea) – BVDV or bovine viral diarrhea virus is one of
the most common agents causing an abortion in cattle. It is transmitted in several ways – Transmitted via the placenta,
transmitted via fomites, transmitted via direct contact with an infected
animal. The virus can be transmitted via the placenta to the growing fetus, it
can cause fetal death and abortion, malformed fetus, stillbirth, or some cows
may even deliver the fetus despite being infected. When infected during the
organogenesis process it can cause serious developmental anomalies such as
cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrodephalus, spinal cord hypoplasia, etc.
v
Brucella
– This bacterium – brucellabortus is quite active bacteria and abortion is the
prime feature. This is a zoonotic disease also. The organisms enter via the mucous
membranes and tend to invade the uterus, triggering inflammation of the placenta
in the pregnant animal which may be acute or chronic. Abortion occurs at around
2 weeks to 5 months after infection.
v
Campylobacter
– the bacteria which causes venereal diseases and tends to cause abortion,
stillbirth between 4-8 months of pregnancy is transmitted by ingestion and
subsequently spread via the blood to the placenta. This is one of the diseases
having zoonotic nature.
v
Other
infectious agents causing abortion – Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR),
Chlamydia, leptospira, listeria, fungi such as TRichomonas, Neurospora, etc.
2.
Non-
Infectious causes – The reasons which can directly or indirectly cause abortion
like Genetic variation. Some cattle carry lethal genes which can cause early
embryonic death of abortion. Nutritional deficiency can cause a variety of
disorders and reproductive tract dysfunction including reproduction failure.
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Selenium, and iron have a crucial role to play in
reproductive health and have been implicated in cases of abortion. The environment
also plays a key role in health overall. The atmosphere temperature as well as
a reason like excessive heat or cold can trigger stress. Trauma or accidents
too may cause abortion despite the embryo being well protected by fetal
membranes. The ingestion of toxic plants or pesticides or herbicide-laden
plants can essentially trigger a series of ill- effects including severe health
complications for the cow and the fetus.
For example, cmycotoxins having estrogenic activity may lead to
abortion.
Diagnostics
There
should be the regular observation of the pregnancy progression despite being
artificially inseminated or mated. There are tests such as per- rectal
examination, Ultra-sonography, or mate. There are tests such as rectal
examination, ultra- sonography technique which can be adopted by the
veterinarian depending upon the case and need of the hour. Checking blood
progesterone levels too can help in establishing the diagnosis. In case
abortion has not been observed failure of conception or failure to observe
pregnancy progression continues to be the top indicator of some ongoing
reproductive tract-related disorders which need to be promptly checked.
Treatment
–
This
event is difficult for both farmers as well as cattle. It is important to shift
the focus on 2 things – to offer the utmost care and provide the utmost medical
assistance.
1.
Offering
utmost care – if the cattle are selected to breed and conceived, proper care
must be taken right from the time of conception. The proper nutrition, regular
vaccine, etc. should be prioritized a few weeks to a month before mating as it
helps the body prepare for a well and pregnancy is smoother than anticipated.
The cattle who are pregnant must be protected from infectious animals. They
must be well fed to prevent them from grazing out and eating random plants
which may or may not be toxic. For the recently aborted cattle, proper
veterinary help must be sought out to help plan the next steps. i.e treating
the cause of abortion and helping the cattle out to prepare them for future
conception.
2.
Providing
Medical Assistance – Medical assistance is not limited to the medicine or
drugs also involves other parameters such as nutrition, supplements, etc. the
medicine should have a 360-degree approach and it consists of lifestyle alterations
as well as certain changes in feeding habits. The diet has to be fixed and
proper nutrition and vitamins are to be provided for the smooth pregnancy
period. The cattle should properly be hydrated for the fetus. The
carbohydrates, fats, essential fatty acids, minerals like iron are important in
the reproductive health of the cattle.
The
Goel Vet Pharma Abortigo is the cattle homeopathic medicine is an advanced
Homeopathic Veterinary Medicinal formulation for calving animals to prevent and
treat abortions of any underlying cause without any side effects or
contraindications and helps in retaining uterine tonicity by stimulating
hormones and nourishing the uterine muscles through the increased metabolism of
calcium and other minerals. It is also a preventive medicine for habitual
abortions by increasing immunity against all major infectious diseases which
threaten the life of the fetus and also the mother.
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